Tonsil cancer is a rare type of malignancy that can affect people of any age, although it is more common in men over 50 years of age who have a history of tobacco and alcohol use. A tumor that develops in the lymphoid tissue on one side of the throat can cause a noticeable bulge in the neck and make swallowing difficult. Treatment for tonsil cancer is most effective when the tumor is found early, and usually involves a combination of surgery and radiation therapy. If left untreated, the cancer can quickly spread to other parts of the throat and mouth.
The tonsils are important sections of tissue that help in the immune system's defense against viruses and bacteria. Its function can be compromised by the growth of malignant tumors, leading to frequent infections and illnesses. A person with tonsil cancer is likely to notice swelling or a sore in the back of the throat, constant pain, and bloody saliva. Swallowing and breathing difficulties are common as tumors grow. In some cases, tonsil cancer leads to the growth of visible lumps in the neck that may be hard and tender to the touch.
Most cases of tonsil cancer are directly related to years of alcohol and tobacco use. People with weakened immune systems are also at risk, especially people with HIV or inborn autoimmune disorders. People who don't eat enough fruits and vegetables can develop cancer due to a lack of important vitamins to support the immune system. Also, doctors believe that certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cancer of the throat and mouth.
A person experiencing any of the signs and symptoms of tonsil cancer should visit their primary care physician for an initial evaluation. The doctor may examine the lumps in the neck and look for signs of damaged tissue in the throat. If the doctor suspects cancer, the patient is usually referred to an otolaryngologist for further testing. CT and MRI scans are usually done to look for tumors, and a tissue biopsy can confirm the findings. Once a diagnosis has been made, specialists can determine the best course of treatment.
Surgeons usually try to remove tumors when they are in their earliest stages. Small surgical tools and lights are inserted through the mouth and used to cut out entire masses of malignant tissue. However, if the cancer begins to spread, surgery may not be enough. A combination of surgery, radiation treatments, and chemotherapy can help slow the progression of cancer to other parts of the body. Patients may receive prescription medications for HPV or other underlying disorders, and should be instructed to refrain from smoking tobacco and alcohol to avoid further complications.