Alkalosis is a complication associated with hypokalemia. A condition defined by severe potassium deficiency, hypokalemia can contribute to a buildup of alkali in the body resulting in alkalosis. Treatment for hypokalemia involves the administration of supplemental potassium to restore balance. If alkalosis related to hypokalemia occurs and potassium levels remain low, renal failure may occur. If left untreated, hypokalemia and alkalosis can be fatal.
The diagnosis of hypokalemia and alkalosis is usually confirmed with a blood panel. Markers indicative of low potassium may prompt additional tests to assess levels of creatinine, hormones, and calcium. Urinalysis may also be done to assess kidney function. If alkalosis is suspected, a test to assess the arterial blood gas may also be ordered.
Potassium is a key mineral used by the body to maintain muscle and bone health. For example, potassium is required to maintain muscle tone, strength, and flexibility. When muscles receive insufficient potassium, they can cramp, spasm, and deteriorate. Under normal circumstances, potassium levels are regulated by hormones and kept in balance by the kidneys, which generate excess minerals from the body as waste.
When alkalosis occurs, the individual has excess alkali in their body that compromises the kidneys' ability to filter waste. A lack of potassium places the kidneys under additional stress that further hampers the organs' ability to function. Similarly, since potassium plays a critical role in muscle health, the heart can also be damaged by prolonged potassium deficiency.
Several factors may contribute to hypokalemic symptoms. Continued long-term use of laxatives and diuretics can deplete the body of potassium and keep your levels far below normal. Eating disorders and medical conditions that affect kidney and bowel function can also initiate hypokalemic symptoms. People with mild hypokalemia may remain asymptomatic, meaning they don't know they are sick, if potassium loss is minimal.
The symptoms usually coincide with a significant drop in potassium levels. Someone with hypokalemia and alkalosis may become easily fatigued and experience impaired muscle function. People also experience dizziness, nausea, pronounced muscle spasms, and, in some cases, confusion.
Mild cases of hypokalemia are usually treated with short-term supplemental potassium. People with hypokalemia and alkalosis are considered to be at significant risk for complications, including paralysis, and generally receive higher doses of potassium long-term. In general, with proper treatment, people with hypokalemia and alkalosis make a full recovery. If one's condition is considered severe, he or she may develop arrhythmia or irreversible kidney damage.