Emphysema and pneumonia are conditions of the lungs. Both exhibit similar symptoms, including coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. People with emphysema may be at higher risk of developing pneumonia, especially the elderly.
The connection between the two is the weakened immune system caused by emphysema. When that happens, a patient becomes more susceptible to other lung diseases, such as pneumonia. The bacteria, viruses, and fungi typically responsible for pneumonia can easily invade and lead to a dangerous situation if not properly monitored and treated.
There are several possible causes of emphysema, but smoking is the main cause. Inhaled irritants from smoking damage the lining of the lung, causing inflammation of the lung cells and tissues, and causing inflammation in the bronchioles. Over time, emphysema continues to progress, often leading to fatal complications. What may begin as shortness of breath when walking or during some other activity will eventually progress to shortness of breath when sitting or resting. Wheezing and a mild cough often accompany shortness of breath in patients with emphysema.
As emphysema progresses, the lungs become more susceptible to infections and conditions such as pneumonia. Patients with emphysema and pneumonia may begin to notice green or yellow sputum production, muscle aches, and fever. Also, breathing may become more labored and a rapid heartbeat may be noticeable.
Patients with emphysema and pneumonia need specific treatment to manage the difficulties associated with this deadly combination. Antibiotics will often be prescribed to help fight the infection and reduce the strain on the lungs. People with shortness of breath may also be forced to use oxygen to help them. Severe cases or infections that occur during the advanced stages of emphysema may require hospitalization.
Recovery for patients diagnosed with emphysema and pneumonia will depend on the severity of the disease. Some patients will benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation programs focused on teaching breathing techniques and medication management. These programs will also focus on how to prevent further infections and limit your chances of developing pneumonia in the future. Low-level exercise may also be recommended to help keep the patient active. Surgery to remove a portion of the lung or place airway stents may be recommended in cases where doctors feel the benefits outweigh the risks, but it is not common.