Pulmonary congestion, also known as pulmonary edema, is a serious medical condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in an individual's lungs. Treatment for this life-threatening condition often requires the administration of supplemental oxygen and medications to stabilize the individual's condition. Complications associated with pulmonary congestion can include the need for permanent supplemental oxygen and premature death.
People who develop lung congestion can experience a variety of signs and symptoms that can gradually progress to the point of severely impairing the ability to breathe without the help of artificial support. In addition to shortness of breath, individuals may develop a persistent, bloody cough that progressively worsens. The continuous accumulation of fluid in the lungs often leads to audible breathing demonstrated with wheezing and gurgling when taking deep breaths. Additional signs of lung congestion may include paleness, feelings of anxiety, and profuse sweating.
Considered a presentation of the advanced stages of congestive heart failure, pulmonary congestion occurs when the heart can no longer adequately support the respiratory system. As the heart doesn't pump enough blood through the lungs, blood pressure inside the lungs increases, causing fluid to build up in the many air sacs, known as alveoli, that normally function to circulate oxygen. and help keep the lungs inflated. The introduction of fluid into the lungs ultimately reduces lung capacity, forcing oxygen out and resulting in shortness of breath. Pulmonary edema can also manifest as a result of sustained trauma to lung tissue in the presence of infection or exposure to toxic substances.
People who show signs of lung congestion may already be under the care of a doctor for another condition, such as heart disease. The presence of fluid accumulation in the lungs, even during its early stages, has an audible presentation, known as rales, when examined with the aid of a stethoscope. Additional signs that may present during a preliminary examination may include elevated heart rate and respiration, known as tachycardia and tachypnea, respectively. To confirm a diagnosis of pulmonary edema, additional tests may be performed to rule out the presence of other conditions that may present symptoms that mimic those associated with pulmonary congestion.
To prevent permanent damage, prompt and appropriate treatment is necessary to alleviate symptoms associated with pulmonary congestion. Treatment often depends on the cause of the congestion, such as that induced by a heart attack. Once the underlying cause of the congestion is identified and treated, then the congestion can be remedied.
People with pulmonary edema can receive supplemental oxygen to make it easier for them to breathe, and in some cases, a breathing tube can be inserted into the windpipe. Diuretics are often given to relieve fluid that has built up and impaired breathing. Left untreated, pulmonary edema can lead to oxygen-induced organ failure and ultimately lead to death.