Protein-calorie malnutrition is characterized by inadequate protein intake. The result of this condition is, among other things, weight loss and a dangerous decrease in immunity. Also known simply as malnutrition, protein-calorie malnutrition is most commonly found in third world countries where diets consist mainly of starchy foods and vegetables, but where there are not enough animal foods or their by-products. Protein-calorie malnutrition is known to occur in two distinct forms: kwashiorkor and marasmus.
A person affected by protein-calorie malnutrition is likely to have edema and dermatitis, in addition to severe anemia and alopecia. These people also frequently experience a malfunction of key bodily functions. The parts of the body most severely affected by malnutrition include the kidney, liver, respiratory system, nervous system, and cardiovascular system. People with this condition will also experience a marked decrease in muscle mass and poor wound healing, as well as decreased immunity against a number of other diseases and viral infections.
One form of this condition is known as kwashiorkor. This specific type of malnutrition is common in places where drought, famine, war, and other catastrophic events disrupt or completely prevent a healthy and balanced food supply. Beyond a compromised food supply, kwashiorkor can also be the result of infection and toxic exposure.
Kwashiorkor occurs in developed countries, although in these countries it most commonly results from an abused individual deliberately starving himself. Symptoms of kwashiorkor are also found in anorexic patients who have purposely starved themselves. This condition can sometimes occur even in hospital settings, particularly in cases of extremely ill people, such as those affected by cancer. Protein-calorie malnutrition can also affect the elderly, people who have had gastric bypass surgery, and infants on restricted diets.
Marasmus, a second type of protein-calorie malnutrition, is usually found in infants. This form occurs primarily when babies transition from breastfeeding to solid foods that may be high in calories, but still don't provide enough protein. Tuberculosis, HIV, and gastrointestinal infections can also contribute to this type of protein-calorie malnutrition.
Protein-calorie malnutrition can be a fatal condition if not detected and treated properly in its early stages. The longer it goes untreated, in fact, the greater the incidents of severe organ and tissue damage, even in cases where malnutrition can be reversed. However, when left untreated, a protein and calorie malnourished person will experience shock before slipping into a coma and ultimately dying.