An ovarian polyp is a benign growth on the surface of an ovary. The two types of polyps that occur in an ovary are pedunculated and sessile polyps. Not all polyps will cause symptoms, but some can be difficult and may require surgical removal.
Polyps form on various mucous membranes throughout the human body. This includes the lining of the colon and the small intestine. Polyps are most commonly found along the lining of the uterus and on the cervix. Various types of polyps include cervical, endometrial, and endocervical polyps.
Gynecologists can diagnose the presence of an ovarian polyp with the use of various tests. Ultrasounds and X-rays are imaging tests that can provide doctors with important information about the size, shape, and type of an ovarian polyp. Regular visits to the gynecologist and Pap tests are also important in diagnosing and treating an ovarian polyp.
Pedunculated and sessile polyps can be found on the ovaries. Both come from an abnormal growth of tissue. Pedunculated polyps have a stalk, or pedicle, that attaches them to the ovary. Sessile polyps are attached directly to the ovary with a flat base.
Symptoms related to an ovarian polyp vary depending on the size and location of the polyp. People with small polyps may not experience any symptoms at all, and may only be discovered on routine examination or during other testing procedures. Larger polyps can cause bleeding and abdominal cramps. The bleeding can occur outside of normal menstruation and can also become heavier during menstruation if polyps are present.
Doctors will use a variety of factors to help them determine if removal will be necessary. Observation, such as regularly scheduled ultrasounds, can help doctors track any growth or change in the polyps. Large polyps or those with problematic growth rates may need to be surgically removed.
Polyps can be removed using a variety of surgical procedures. Options include forceps removal or removal during more complicated procedures, such as a hysterectomy. Surgery that usually involves a simple removal is performed on an outpatient basis, with instructions to limit activity for several days and take any prescribed pain medication as needed.
After removal, a biopsy will be done to determine if the growth has turned malignant. Malignancy is generally rare with polyps in general, but testing is a necessary part of ensuring patient health and safety. Polyps can generally be attributed to atypical cells and infections.