Chronic sore throat is usually due to ongoing irritation, and commonly occurs among smokers or those who live in high-pollution areas. Those who use their voices regularly for long periods, such as singers, can also develop a chronic sore throat if the voice doesn't rest adequately between performances. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections can also cause long-term sore throats, often as a result of a secondary infection. Additional causes may include allergies and acid reflux.
Unlike viral or bacterial causes of sore throat, irritants such as tobacco smoke or pollutants can cause throat irritation that persists for weeks, months, or even years if the irritants are continually present. Smokers can suffer from chronic sore throats because the smoke and chemicals are constantly inhaled into the throat and nasal cavities and irritate the sensitive tissues there. Air pollution is another common cause, and is more commonly a problem in areas with high volumes of smog.
Singing or yelling can also cause a chronic sore throat, and it usually lasts longer in those who use their voices regularly. This can occur in singers who don't warm up properly or who attempt too many performances in a short period of time. Throat irritation caused by tension can be remedied by avoiding excessive singing, shouting, or talking. Sometimes throat sprays or honey added to hot tea can also be beneficial.
HIV infection often leads to chronic sore throats, usually from candidiasis or another viral infection. Since people with HIV have weakened immune systems in more advanced cases, it can be more difficult to get rid of infections that cause sore throats. Treatment with an over-the-counter pain reliever, as well as taking medications or vitamins to improve the immune system, can help.
Allergies can also cause chronic sore throats for numerous reasons. For one, they can lead to dry, irritated airways when allergens are inhaled through the mouth. This is similar to the way pollutants or cigarette smoke irritate the throat. Second, postnasal drip can aggravate the tonsils, leading to severe swelling and pain. Allergy medications can help relieve symptoms.
Acid reflux can cause a chronic sore throat because stomach acid is pushed up the throat. In severe cases, this can lead to damage to the esophagus and persistent burning and pain. Medicines and sometimes surgery may be needed to relieve stomach acid and stop the pain.