Platelet cells are vital components of the blood. Among other functions, the main role of platelets is to prevent excessive bleeding from external and internal wounds. The cells adhere to a wound site to form a barrier, causing blood to clot. Serious health problems can occur if platelets don't work properly, or if there simply aren't enough of them in the blood to promote clotting. There are several different types of platelet disease that can be caused by infections, immune system malfunction, or genetic abnormalities that result in too few or too many platelets. The most common types of platelet disease are thrombocytopenic purpura (TCP), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), von Willenbrand disease, and thrombocytosis.
thrombocytopenia is refers to an abnormally low platelet count, as determined by a person's doctor. A person with thrombocytopenia is at risk for excessive bleeding and bruising, and severe cases can lead to bleeding. It is usually the result of the body not making enough platelets or the immune system mistakenly destroying healthy platelet cells. Diseases that affect the production of new platelets include HIV and bone marrow cancer. Malfunctioning of the immune system can lead to TCP, HUS, or other rarer types of platelet disease.
TCP and HUS are types of platelet disease that occur when the immune system produces antibodies that attack platelets. The causes are usually unknown, but some cases are related to bacterial or viral infections. HUS is more common in children, while TCP generally affects adults over 60 years of age. After doctors make a diagnosis of TCP or HUS, they usually prescribe corticosteroids to promote better immune system function. An emergency situation where the bleeding cannot be stopped may require a blood transfusion to replenish the supply of platelets.
Some types of platelet disease are the result of congenital disorders. von Willenbrand disease is one of the most common genetic conditions that affects platelet function. A very specific genetic mutation inhibits the production of the Von Willenbrand protein. Without the protein, platelets cannot adhere to wound walls and promote clotting. Severe cases of von Willenbrand disease can lead to serious bleeding if not controlled with medication. This platelet disease cannot be cured, but doctors can prescribe a variety of medications that can eliminate symptoms and allow people to lead normal lives.
Thrombocytosis is a condition in which the body produces too many platelets. It can be caused by a bone marrow disorder, a viral infection, or a severe inflammatory disease. In most cases, platelet overproduction does not cause negative symptoms or health effects. However, in rare cases, blood can start to clot unexpectedly in the extremities or in the brain. A clot can restrict blood flow and rob the body of oxygen, which can lead to permanent brain damage. Thrombocytosis is usually controlled by treating the underlying cause, although emergency surgery to break up clots may be necessary.