Papules are a type of skin lesion. They are bumps on the surface of the skin that are usually 3/8 inch (1 cm) or smaller, and can be red, brown, purple, or pink, depending on their cause. If the papules are scratched or cut, they can burst and become crusty, itchy, or infected. Papules are a symptom of common skin disorders such as acne or rosacea, and can also be a symptom of a condition such as chicken pox.
In people with acne, lesions on the face, neck, chest, back, and upper arms are the result of clogged sebaceous follicles. These follicles, or pores, also produce oil and hair. In cases of acne, the pores become clogged with dead skin cells and bacteria. Acne papules are usually quite small and concentrated in one area, often giving the skin a rough, sandpaper-like feel.
Papules associated with acne should not be confused with acne pustules or cysts. Pustules contain pus and are often painful, while papules are usually painless unless scratched or cut open, and do not contain pus. Papules usually go away on their own without treatment, while pustules can progress to more serious, deeper lesions called cysts, which often lead to scarring.
Rosacea sufferers also have papules on the cheeks, nose, chin, neck, and scalp. Rosacea is often confused with adult acne, but they are quite different conditions. People with rosacea rarely have severely infected lesions, like those with acne, and rosacea is often characterized by severe flushing of the face when exposed to light, heat, or triggers like spicy foods or alcohol. Although adults can suffer from acne, it is more common in adolescents of all races, while rosacea tends to affect adults of northwestern European descent.
Mild acne papules can be treated with over-the-counter medications such as alcohol, benzoyl peroxide, or salicylic acid. These treatments reduce excess oil on the skin and kill the bacteria that cause more serious injuries. Treatment for severe acne includes cortisone to reduce inflammation or anti-inflammatory antibiotics such as tetracycline. Women with acne can also use oral contraceptives to reduce acne breakouts associated with hormonal changes caused by menstruation.
While some rosacea is treated with cosmetics to reduce its appearance, prescription medications such as tetracycline or topical azelaic acid can also be used. Rosacea patients may also be asked to keep a diary of triggers that cause redness or bumps, such as food or sun exposure, so they can reduce their symptoms by avoiding triggers.