Endometrial polyps are growths located in the endometrium, or inner lining of the uterus. Endometrial tissues make up the inner lining of the uterus. During menstruation, tissues go through a process of growth and death. Sometimes the tissues can overgrow, which can lead to the formation of an endometrial polyp. Polyps can vary in size, with some being as small as a seed, while others can grow as large as a golf ball or an orange.
There is no single cause of endometrial polyps. Although there are some factors considered contributing to the condition. Polyps appear to grow in response to a naturally produced hormone known as estrogen. They can also form in connection with polyps in other reproductive organs, such as the cervix. Hypertension or high blood pressure and obesity can also play a role in the development of these growths.
Spotting between menstrual cycles is a common symptom of this condition. Menstruation periods can also be very heavy and prolonged. A woman with endometrial polyps who has already gone through menopause may discover unexpected spots. Pelvic pain can also be experienced in the presence or absence of menstruation. In some cases, especially large polyps can cause infertility.
There are some medical procedures used to diagnose and treat endometrial polyps. A hysteroscopy, for example, can be used to accommodate both measurements. This procedure uses a thin, flexible telescope to get a detailed view inside the uterus. From here, a very large polyp can be removed, or a smaller sample can be taken to test for malignancies. Another dual-functioning procedure is a curettage, which involves tearing the wall of the uterus to obtain a sample of tissue or to remove a growth, such as a polyp.
These types of polyps are usually benign or noncancerous. Women rarely develop endometrial polyp cancer, although it is possible. In the case of a malignant neoplasm, especially if it has spread, a hysterectomy may be chosen as treatment. This procedure involves removal of the uterus.
Women experiencing symptoms of endometrial polyps will usually see a gynecologist for further evaluation. Before performing a hysteroscopy or curettage, a less invasive test, such as a transvaginal ultrasound, may be done to get a general view of the uterus. This test involves placing a probe internally inside a woman to get a view of the reproductive organs. Many women with endometrial polyps will not need any treatment, as the polyps can be very small and not cause any symptoms.